Al Biruni, inspired by the teachings of Ar Razi, who is so much to contribute in medicine and pharmacy, and then he sort of Ar Razi findings in the context of the time and type of discovery.

The Significance of compilation Al Biruni was able to convince and improve various responses skewed on Ar Razi, to develop their knowledge to Europe through Byzantium. And he did hold a discussion and defense of various denials and align the various scientific understood until then. He raised writing Ar Razi Shukuk 'ala Nazariyat jalinus, with repair and straighten the various understanding of medicine, psychology, concepts and theories of healing as a result of a spontaneous outburst Galenius (Greek philosopher = Galenius in Arabic Jalinus), at the time it gets tough challenge of society. As motivated to find answers to the challenges experienced by Galenius, he tried to find the translation and verification through its science. Conveyed to him that Galenius less successful because too confident and they lack scientific support that time to bring towards failure. The process of recording less support and Galenius just excited to show new knowledge without the support process and test scientific evidence. This alignment is done Ar Razi, became the basis for what evidentiary support Jalinus (Galenius) supported by a wide range of references and proof test is applicable.

As a professional, Ar Razi made a lot of progress in the Islamic alternative to medicine and psychology. He dared to bring medicine and psychology the scientific direction, to dare to challenge the physician when it is based only on knowledge derived closed and without proof. The physician then uses only non-scientific method and critical patients recover without any indication of the likelihood of relapse and the introduction of dose, and even make disease grounds as something supernatural when they could not cure him. Ar Razi educate the physicians that medical science and psychology as a science that is constantly evolving and always need adjustment supported by the development of knowledge and research and the latest information. In the medical books he has recorded three disease categories, namely; 1) which can be cured, 2) That might be cured and 3) that can not be cured. In his research he has been researching cancer, leprosy who believed that time can not be cured. Due to the controversy it conveys Ar Razi willing not to get the patient, as well as recognition awards fellow profession at that time.

Through the book Man la Yahduruhu, He provides dedication makes the book a way of healing, which serves as a guide for the people, especially the poor, and certain people who want to get protection and health response when remote or no physician. Furthermore, this book is the beginning of the history of pharmacy is equipped with the next issue, which beriisi of 36 chapters. In the book also described the procedure of healing through diet, and medication records and further details of the user who up to now become a reference pharmacist and should be available in pharmacies and drugstores and to lay in doing self-medication. Even in Bur book he edited Hour shorthand way of healing diseases and disease symptoms records that do not need to consult with a physician. While the special review diet and the effect of diet on health, he published the book Manafi 'al-Aghdhiyyah, including diet and its phases.

Other physician at the time of Ibn Masawayh write also about pharmacology and medical science with the approach followed by the exposition of the subject, which is not only pharmacology and medicine that are considered important, but knowledge of food, nutrition and culinary to be important to their health. Recognized by Ar Razi does it lead role and impact related benefits, until penelitianya He discovered alcohol and bahayan obtained from grape nectars. At that time he has been concluded as a result of alcohol use have an indication of the onset of epilepsy, paralysis, dementia symptoms, Chirosis, hepatitis, mental disorders, vision disorders, obesity (obesity) and impotence.

Research on the body's healing efforts of various diseases, he admits lack pahamannya on the influence of the soul to the body, but he continued to perform scientific observations and care for the continuity psychoterapy.

Still in his day, a pharmacist al-Mansuri and Tibb ar-Ruhani, (906-907) recognizes the difficulty of doing research between body and soul, but the recognition of Ar Razi has given archetype in the continuation of his research. Sajih Abu Mansur ibn Ishaq ibn Ahmad ibn Asad divide the 20 chapters the results Tibb ar-discuss the spiritual and objectively with Ar Razi on the subject in the know; and understanding patterns of human desires, human stimulation, pleasure, anger, pain, unconsciousness, memory loss, victory and death. That the real man is a creature that has a high level of complexity, have an appreciation of the various interests to psychotherapy and psychology as a whole and this is important in a series of human healing.

Compilation book al-Hawi fit-Tibb became the forerunner of medical encyclopedia that systematically describes various medical knowledge termasik various medical explanations ancient times, the development of Islamic dijaman physician. Despite the book has not been fully edited as Ar Razi trigger death, but his disciples who have mewarisimateria medica and healing arts and pharmaceuticals including dosage and toxicologi knowledge, has continued his completeness.

The book on the Islamic era until the end of the renaissance and medieval consistently become a reference of the pharmacists in giving prescriptions for curing disease. The entry of the various elements in the treatment of for example mineral instance vitriol, copper, mercury and arsenic salt, salmoniak, chalk, clay, coral, pearl, tar and bitumen was first performed by Ar Razi in doing chemoterapy. Similarly, he also recommends the use of opium in anesthesia techniques. Special diet books and healing with medicinal edited and finish by Ahmad b. Abi al-Ash'ath in his second Quwa al-Adwiyyah and al-Ghadhi wal-Mughtadhi in the year 965 AD

Quwa al-Adwiyyah book consists of three parts and mepaparkan the general rules and regulations in the response to treatment, is associated with a diet of herbs, minerals khewani and drug use. It is understood the time that the body itself produces the active substance for the prevention of diseases and plants can be used as a complement. The book is dedicated and explanations above for both pupil Mohammed bin Ayyub Ibn ath-Thallaj of Mosul, and Ahmad bin. Mohammed al-Baladi. Ibn Abi al-Ash'ath explanation in the book is mainly about the three principles relating to disease and health, endurance and indications of symptoms as well as other diseases in general.

The general rule regarding drugs described body treatment, symptoms and preventive efforts as well as the causes and side effects. In detail, he also explains in his book about the five principles associated with the cause of the disease and the effect on health, among others; the condition of the air around our place of rest and activity, body manifestations, infusion and evacuation as well as a variety of things that affect the body, as well as the impact of food and drink intake can affect the body's health.

The new way of simple treatment can be done by warming, compress (cooling), massage or drying. Stages of healing to do next through understanding pharmacology; which must be carried out by experts or who really understand. That time he has given the critics is a good physician is not oriented to income but it must be oriented towards the development of knowledge and successful cure.

Development of the anatomy and animals more developed by his student Ibn Abi al-Ash'ath. Associated with Psychoterapy has been learned about; consciousness and unconsciousness peeled into 6 chapters, among others, explained that sleep is a control function of the brain, which is associated with other organs. Kematianmerupakan bed and sleep two different things is the interaction of the brain (active motion) is coupled therein contemplation, memory (reminiscence) and imajinasi.bahkan in sleep he classifies three stages of sleep, namely; the early stages of sleep; sleep with a dream and deep sleep without dreams. Lately known Ibn Abi al-Ash'ath's gain medical knowledge also of Abu Mahir Musa bin Sayyar. A royal physician of King Adud ad-Dawla (983 M), which has managed to put together a medical kopendium Al Maliki or in the western hemisphere known as Liber Rigius. Eksiklopedi mentioned above consists of 12 chapters way of healing including theory and practice procedures for drug delivery. Also equipped with herbal treatment protocols, as well as through mineral khewani.

In conducting the treatment explained through a classification by age, sex, changes in the face, the sharpness of vision must be taken into consideration in conducting examination and healing patients.

Abu Raihan al-Biruni (also, Biruni, Al Biruni, born 5 September 973 - meninggal13 December 1048 at the age of 75 years) (Persian: ابوریحان بیرونی; Arabic: أبو الريحان البيروني) is a Persian mathematician, astronomer, physicist, scholar, encyclopedia writer, philosopher, traveler, historian, pharmacist and teacher, which greatly contributed to the fields of mathematics, philosophy, medicine.

Abu Raihan al-Biruni was born in Khawarazmi, Turkmenistan or Khiva in kawasanDanau Aral in Central Asia at that time located in the Persian empire. He studied mathematics and study stars of Abu Nasr Mansur.

Abu Raihan al-Biruni was a friend philosopher and drugs Abu Ali Al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina / Avicenna, historian, philosopher and ethicist Ibn Miskawayh, at the university and science center founded by the son of Abu Al Abbas Ma ' Khawarazmshah mun. Abu Raihan al-Biruni also wander over to India by Mahmud of Ghazni and accompanied him in ketenteraannya there, studying languages, philosophy and religion and wrote a book about it. He also mastered several languages ​​including Greek, Syriac, and the Berber language, Sanskrit.

Al-Biruni wrote many books in Persian language (mother tongue) and Arabic.

Here are the works of Al-Biruni is:

• When the 17-year-old, he examined the latitude for Kath, Khwarazm, using solar maxima altitude.

• At the age of 22, he wrote some quick work, including a study of map projections, "Cartography", which termasukmetodologi to make projections hemisphere on a plane.

• At the age of 27, he has written a book called "Chronology" which refers to any work produced by him (now no more), including a book about the astrolabe, a book on the decimal system, four books on assessment star, and two books on history.

• He made a research to 6339.6 kilometer radius of the Earth (this result was repeated in the West in the 16th century).

The contribution of Muslim Geographers

A series of Muslim geographers have contributed to the development of earth sciences. Al-Kindi geographers recognized as meritorious as the first to introduce experiment in earth sciences. Meanwhile, Al-Biruni lined up as 'the father of geodesy' which has contributed to the geography and geology.

John J O'Connor and Edmund F Robertson wrote its recognition of the contribution of Al-Biruni in MacTutor History of Mathematics. According to them, '' Al-Biruni has donated an important contribution to the development of geography and geodesy. It was he who introduced the technique of earth and distance measurement using triangulation. ''

Al-Biruni who discovered the Earth reaches 6339.6 km radius. Until the 16th century AD, the West has not been able to measure the radius of the earth as did al-Biruni. Mr history of science, George Sarton, also recognizes the contribution of Muslim scholars in the development of geography and geology. '' We find in his writings metedo chemical research, a theory about the formation of iron. ''

One of the peculiarities that developed Muslim geographers is the emergence of bio-geography. It was driven by a number of Arabs in the era of the Caliphate were interested in distributing and classifying plants, animals, and the evolution of life. Muslim scholars tried to analyze various types of plants.

Muslim geographers in the Golden Age

1. Hisham al-Kalbi (8th century AD)

He was the first geographer in the history of Islam. Hisham was so popular with the deep study of the Arab region.

2. Musa Al-Khwarizmi (780 AD - 850 AD)

Mathematician who also geographers it revised the outlook Ptolemaues about geography. Together 70 twenty geographer, Al-Khwarizmi made the first map of the globe in the year 830 AD

3. Al-Ya'qubi (died 897 AD)

He wrote a geography book titled 'The countries' that are so popular with the study topografisnya.

4. Ibn Khordadbeh (820 AD - 912 AD)

He was a student of Al-Kindi who studies the streets in various provinces carefully and pour it into the book Al Masalik wa Al-Mamalik (Roads and the Kingdom).

5. Al-Dinawari (828 AD - 898 AD)

Muslim geographers who also has contributed to the development of the science of geography.

6. Hamdani (893 AD - 945 AD) Muslim Geographers 9th century AD that dedicated itself to developing geographies.

7. Ali al-Masudi (896 AD - 956 AD)

Full name Abul Hasan Ali Al-Ma'sudi. He studied the internal and external factors that influence the formation of the earth batubatuan with astonishing originality.

8. Ahmad ibn Fadlan (10th century AD)

He is a geographer who wrote an encyclopedia and a story of a trip to the Volga and the Caspian region.

9. Ahmad ibn Rustah (10th century AD)

Ibn Rustah is a geographer who wrote a huge encyclopedia of the geography. Al Balkhi Gives sizeable contribution in mapping the world. Al Kindi As well as oceanographers, he was also a scientist multitalented. As a physicist, optics, metallurgy, and even philosophy.

10. Al Istakhar II and Ibn Hawqal (10th century AD)

A major contribution in mapping the world.

11. Al-Idrisi (1099 AD)

Famous geographer of his time, which is also known as a zoologist.

12. Al Baghdadi (1162 M)

A leading Muslim geographers.

13. Abdul-Leteef Mawaffaq (1162 M)

In addition to experts in geography, he is also an expert treatment.

Al Biruni noted astronomer well as this one, to give my contribution in the field of astrology in the Renaissance. He has declared that the earth rotates on its axis. At that time, Al-Biruni also have estimated the size of the earth and correct the direction of Makkah scientifically from various directions in the world. From 150 the fruit of thought, 35 of them dedicated to the field of astronomy.

He is a Persian mathematician, astronomer, physicist, scholar, encyclopedist, philosopher, traveler, historian, pharmacist and teacher, which greatly contributed to the fields of mathematics, philosophy, medicine ...

The work of Al-Biruni more than 120 books.

His contributions to the field of mathematics namely:

The theoretical and practical arithmetic

summation series

Combinatorial analysis

rule number 3

Irrational numbers

comparison theory

definition of algebra

method of solving algebraic summation

Geometry

Theorem Archimedes

Angle triangle

Results keryanya addition to the field of mathematics, namely:

• Critical study of the words of India, whether to accept or reject reason (Arabic تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة معقولة في العقل أم مرذولة) - a summary of the religion and philosophy of India

• Remaining Signs of Past Century (Arabic الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية) - a comparative study of calendars of different cultures and different civilizations, linked to information about mathematics, astronomy, and history.

• Mas'udi Regulation (Arabic القانون المسعودي) - a book about Astronomy, Geography and Technical Expertise. This book is named Mas'ud, as his dedication to Mas'ud, son of Mahmud of Ghazni.

• Understanding Astrology (Arabic التفهيم لصناعة التنجيم) - questions and answers about mathematical models and astronomy book, in Arabic and Persian

• Pharmacy - about drugs and medicine

• Gems (Arabic الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر) about geology, minerals, and gems, dedicated to Mawdud son Mas'ud

• URL: (English) Al Beruni "On Stones" complete online text

• Astrolab

• A summary of history

• History of Mahmud of Ghazni and his father

His contributions to the field of mathematics namely:

The theoretical and practical arithmetic

summation series

Combinatorial analysis

rule number 3

Irrational numbers

comparison theory

definition of algebra

method of solving algebraic summation

Geometry

Theorem Archimedes

Angle triangle

Reference:

1. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).

2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica.

3. ES Kennedy, A commentary upon Biruni's "Kitab al-Amakin Tahdid": An

11th century Treatise on mathematical geography (Beirut, 1973).

4. IM Muminov (ed.), Al-Biruni and Ibn Sina: Correspondence (Russian) (Tashkent, 1973).

5. BA Rozenfel'd, MM Rozhanskaya and ZK Skolovskaya, Abu'l-65 Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048) (Russian) (Moscow, 1973).

6. HU Sadykov, Biruni and his work on astronomy and mathematical geography (Russian) (Moscow, 1953).

7. HM Said (ed.), Al-Biruni commemorative volume: Proceedings of the International Congress held in Karachi, November 26-December 12, 1973 (Karachi, 1979).

8. SH Sirazdinov and GP Matvievskaja, al-Biruni and his mathematical

works (Russian) (Moscow, 1978).

9. F Zikrillaev, Al-Biruni's works on physics (Russian) (Tashkent, 1973).