Al Biruni, inspired by the
teachings of Ar Razi, who is so much to contribute in medicine and pharmacy,
and then he sort of Ar Razi findings in the context of the time and type of
discovery.
The Significance of
compilation Al Biruni was able to convince and improve various responses skewed
on Ar Razi, to develop their knowledge to Europe through Byzantium. And he did
hold a discussion and defense of various denials and align the various
scientific understood until then. He raised writing Ar Razi Shukuk 'ala
Nazariyat jalinus, with repair and straighten the various understanding of
medicine, psychology, concepts and theories of healing as a result of a
spontaneous outburst Galenius (Greek philosopher = Galenius in Arabic Jalinus),
at the time it gets tough challenge of society. As motivated to find answers to
the challenges experienced by Galenius, he tried to find the translation and
verification through its science. Conveyed to him that Galenius less successful
because too confident and they lack scientific support that time to bring
towards failure. The process of recording less support and Galenius just
excited to show new knowledge without the support process and test scientific
evidence. This alignment is done Ar Razi, became the basis for what evidentiary
support Jalinus (Galenius) supported by a wide range of references and proof
test is applicable.
As a professional, Ar Razi
made a lot of progress in the Islamic alternative to medicine and psychology.
He dared to bring medicine and psychology the scientific direction, to dare to
challenge the physician when it is based only on knowledge derived closed and
without proof. The physician then uses only non-scientific method and critical
patients recover without any indication of the likelihood of relapse and the
introduction of dose, and even make disease grounds as something supernatural
when they could not cure him. Ar Razi educate the physicians that medical
science and psychology as a science that is constantly evolving and always need
adjustment supported by the development of knowledge and research and the
latest information. In the medical books he has recorded three disease
categories, namely; 1) which can be cured, 2) That might be cured and 3) that
can not be cured. In his research he has been researching cancer, leprosy who
believed that time can not be cured. Due to the controversy it conveys Ar Razi
willing not to get the patient, as well as recognition awards fellow profession
at that time.
Through the book Man la
Yahduruhu, He provides dedication makes the book a way of healing, which serves
as a guide for the people, especially the poor, and certain people who want to
get protection and health response when remote or no physician. Furthermore,
this book is the beginning of the history of pharmacy is equipped with the next
issue, which beriisi of 36 chapters. In the book also described the procedure
of healing through diet, and medication records and further details of the user
who up to now become a reference pharmacist and should be available in
pharmacies and drugstores and to lay in doing self-medication. Even in Bur book
he edited Hour shorthand way of healing diseases and disease symptoms records
that do not need to consult with a physician. While the special review diet and
the effect of diet on health, he published the book Manafi 'al-Aghdhiyyah,
including diet and its phases.
Other physician at the time of
Ibn Masawayh write also about pharmacology and medical science with the
approach followed by the exposition of the subject, which is not only
pharmacology and medicine that are considered important, but knowledge of food,
nutrition and culinary to be important to their health. Recognized by Ar Razi
does it lead role and impact related benefits, until penelitianya He discovered
alcohol and bahayan obtained from grape nectars. At that time he has been
concluded as a result of alcohol use have an indication of the onset of
epilepsy, paralysis, dementia symptoms, Chirosis, hepatitis, mental disorders,
vision disorders, obesity (obesity) and impotence.
Research on the body's healing
efforts of various diseases, he admits lack pahamannya on the influence of the
soul to the body, but he continued to perform scientific observations and care
for the continuity psychoterapy.
Still in his day, a pharmacist
al-Mansuri and Tibb ar-Ruhani, (906-907) recognizes the difficulty of doing
research between body and soul, but the recognition of Ar Razi has given
archetype in the continuation of his research. Sajih Abu Mansur ibn Ishaq ibn
Ahmad ibn Asad divide the 20 chapters the results Tibb ar-discuss the spiritual
and objectively with Ar Razi on the subject in the know; and understanding
patterns of human desires, human stimulation, pleasure, anger, pain,
unconsciousness, memory loss, victory and death. That the real man is a
creature that has a high level of complexity, have an appreciation of the
various interests to psychotherapy and psychology as a whole and this is
important in a series of human healing.
Compilation book al-Hawi
fit-Tibb became the forerunner of medical encyclopedia that systematically
describes various medical knowledge termasik various medical explanations
ancient times, the development of Islamic dijaman physician. Despite the book
has not been fully edited as Ar Razi trigger death, but his disciples who have
mewarisimateria medica and healing arts and pharmaceuticals including dosage
and toxicologi knowledge, has continued his completeness.
The book on the Islamic era
until the end of the renaissance and medieval consistently become a reference
of the pharmacists in giving prescriptions for curing disease. The entry of the
various elements in the treatment of for example mineral instance vitriol,
copper, mercury and arsenic salt, salmoniak, chalk, clay, coral, pearl, tar and
bitumen was first performed by Ar Razi in doing chemoterapy. Similarly, he also
recommends the use of opium in anesthesia techniques. Special diet books and
healing with medicinal edited and finish by Ahmad b. Abi al-Ash'ath in his
second Quwa al-Adwiyyah and al-Ghadhi wal-Mughtadhi in the year 965 AD
Quwa al-Adwiyyah book consists
of three parts and mepaparkan the general rules and regulations in the response
to treatment, is associated with a diet of herbs, minerals khewani and drug
use. It is understood the time that the body itself produces the active
substance for the prevention of diseases and plants can be used as a
complement. The book is dedicated and explanations above for both pupil
Mohammed bin Ayyub Ibn ath-Thallaj of Mosul, and Ahmad bin. Mohammed al-Baladi.
Ibn Abi al-Ash'ath explanation in the book is mainly about the three principles
relating to disease and health, endurance and indications of symptoms as well
as other diseases in general.
The general rule regarding
drugs described body treatment, symptoms and preventive efforts as well as the
causes and side effects. In detail, he also explains in his book about the five
principles associated with the cause of the disease and the effect on health,
among others; the condition of the air around our place of rest and activity,
body manifestations, infusion and evacuation as well as a variety of things
that affect the body, as well as the impact of food and drink intake can affect
the body's health.
The new way of simple
treatment can be done by warming, compress (cooling), massage or drying. Stages
of healing to do next through understanding pharmacology; which must be carried
out by experts or who really understand. That time he has given the critics is
a good physician is not oriented to income but it must be oriented towards the
development of knowledge and successful cure.
Development of the anatomy and
animals more developed by his student Ibn Abi al-Ash'ath. Associated with
Psychoterapy has been learned about; consciousness and unconsciousness peeled
into 6 chapters, among others, explained that sleep is a control function of
the brain, which is associated with other organs. Kematianmerupakan bed and
sleep two different things is the interaction of the brain (active motion) is
coupled therein contemplation, memory (reminiscence) and imajinasi.bahkan in
sleep he classifies three stages of sleep, namely; the early stages of sleep;
sleep with a dream and deep sleep without dreams. Lately known Ibn Abi
al-Ash'ath's gain medical knowledge also of Abu Mahir Musa bin Sayyar. A royal
physician of King Adud ad-Dawla (983 M), which has managed to put together a
medical kopendium Al Maliki or in the western hemisphere known as Liber Rigius.
Eksiklopedi mentioned above consists of 12 chapters way of healing including theory
and practice procedures for drug delivery. Also equipped with herbal treatment
protocols, as well as through mineral khewani.
In conducting the treatment
explained through a classification by age, sex, changes in the face, the
sharpness of vision must be taken into consideration in conducting examination
and healing patients.
Abu Raihan al-Biruni (also,
Biruni, Al Biruni, born 5 September 973 - meninggal13 December 1048 at the age
of 75 years) (Persian: ابوریحان بیرونی; Arabic: أبو الريحان البيروني) is a Persian
mathematician, astronomer, physicist, scholar, encyclopedia writer,
philosopher, traveler, historian, pharmacist and teacher, which greatly
contributed to the fields of mathematics, philosophy, medicine.
Abu Raihan al-Biruni was born
in Khawarazmi, Turkmenistan or Khiva in kawasanDanau Aral in Central Asia at
that time located in the Persian empire. He studied mathematics and study stars
of Abu Nasr Mansur.
Abu Raihan al-Biruni was a
friend philosopher and drugs Abu Ali Al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina /
Avicenna, historian, philosopher and ethicist Ibn Miskawayh, at the university
and science center founded by the son of Abu Al Abbas Ma ' Khawarazmshah mun.
Abu Raihan al-Biruni also wander over to India by Mahmud of Ghazni and
accompanied him in ketenteraannya there, studying languages, philosophy and
religion and wrote a book about it. He also mastered several languages including Greek, Syriac, and the Berber language,
Sanskrit.
Al-Biruni wrote many books in
Persian language (mother tongue) and Arabic.
Here are the works of
Al-Biruni is:
• When the 17-year-old, he
examined the latitude for Kath, Khwarazm, using solar maxima altitude.
• At the age of 22, he wrote
some quick work, including a study of map projections, "Cartography",
which termasukmetodologi to make projections hemisphere on a plane.
• At the age of 27, he has
written a book called "Chronology" which refers to any work produced
by him (now no more), including a book about the astrolabe, a book on the
decimal system, four books on assessment star, and two books on history.
• He made a research to 6339.6
kilometer radius of the Earth (this result was repeated in the West in the 16th
century).
The contribution of Muslim
Geographers
A series of Muslim geographers
have contributed to the development of earth sciences. Al-Kindi geographers
recognized as meritorious as the first to introduce experiment in earth
sciences. Meanwhile, Al-Biruni lined up as 'the father of geodesy' which has contributed
to the geography and geology.
John J O'Connor and Edmund F
Robertson wrote its recognition of the contribution of Al-Biruni in MacTutor
History of Mathematics. According to them, '' Al-Biruni has donated an
important contribution to the development of geography and geodesy. It was he
who introduced the technique of earth and distance measurement using
triangulation. ''
Al-Biruni who discovered the
Earth reaches 6339.6 km radius. Until the 16th century AD, the West has not
been able to measure the radius of the earth as did al-Biruni. Mr history of
science, George Sarton, also recognizes the contribution of Muslim scholars in
the development of geography and geology. '' We find in his writings metedo
chemical research, a theory about the formation of iron. ''
One of the peculiarities that
developed Muslim geographers is the emergence of bio-geography. It was driven
by a number of Arabs in the era of the Caliphate were interested in
distributing and classifying plants, animals, and the evolution of life. Muslim
scholars tried to analyze various types of plants.
Muslim geographers in the
Golden Age
1. Hisham al-Kalbi (8th
century AD)
He was the first geographer in
the history of Islam. Hisham was so popular with the deep study of the Arab
region.
2. Musa Al-Khwarizmi (780 AD -
850 AD)
Mathematician who also
geographers it revised the outlook Ptolemaues about geography. Together 70
twenty geographer, Al-Khwarizmi made the first map of the globe in the year 830
AD
3. Al-Ya'qubi (died 897 AD)
He wrote a geography book
titled 'The countries' that are so popular with the study topografisnya.
4. Ibn Khordadbeh (820 AD -
912 AD)
He was a student of Al-Kindi
who studies the streets in various provinces carefully and pour it into the
book Al Masalik wa Al-Mamalik (Roads and the Kingdom).
5. Al-Dinawari (828 AD - 898
AD)
Muslim geographers who also
has contributed to the development of the science of geography.
6. Hamdani (893 AD - 945 AD)
Muslim Geographers 9th century AD that dedicated itself to developing geographies.
7. Ali al-Masudi (896 AD - 956
AD)
Full name Abul Hasan Ali
Al-Ma'sudi. He studied the internal and external factors that influence the
formation of the earth batubatuan with astonishing originality.
8. Ahmad ibn Fadlan (10th
century AD)
He is a geographer who wrote
an encyclopedia and a story of a trip to the Volga and the Caspian region.
9. Ahmad ibn Rustah (10th
century AD)
Ibn Rustah is a geographer who
wrote a huge encyclopedia of the geography. Al Balkhi Gives sizeable
contribution in mapping the world. Al Kindi As well as oceanographers, he was
also a scientist multitalented. As a physicist, optics, metallurgy, and even
philosophy.
10. Al Istakhar II and Ibn
Hawqal (10th century AD)
A major contribution in
mapping the world.
11. Al-Idrisi (1099 AD)
Famous geographer of his time,
which is also known as a zoologist.
12. Al Baghdadi (1162 M)
A leading Muslim geographers.
13. Abdul-Leteef Mawaffaq
(1162 M)
In addition to experts in
geography, he is also an expert treatment.
Al Biruni noted astronomer
well as this one, to give my contribution in the field of astrology in the
Renaissance. He has declared that the earth rotates on its axis. At that time,
Al-Biruni also have estimated the size of the earth and correct the direction
of Makkah scientifically from various directions in the world. From 150 the
fruit of thought, 35 of them dedicated to the field of astronomy.
He is a Persian mathematician,
astronomer, physicist, scholar, encyclopedist, philosopher, traveler,
historian, pharmacist and teacher, which greatly contributed to the fields of
mathematics, philosophy, medicine ...
The work of Al-Biruni more
than 120 books.
His contributions to the field
of mathematics namely:
The theoretical and practical
arithmetic
summation series
Combinatorial analysis
rule number 3
Irrational numbers
comparison theory
definition of algebra
method of solving algebraic
summation
Geometry
Theorem Archimedes
Angle triangle
Results keryanya addition to
the field of mathematics, namely:
• Critical study of the words
of India, whether to accept or reject reason (Arabic تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة معقولة في العقل أم مرذولة) - a summary of the
religion and philosophy of India
• Remaining Signs of Past
Century (Arabic الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية) - a comparative study of
calendars of different cultures and different civilizations, linked to
information about mathematics, astronomy, and history.
• Mas'udi Regulation (Arabic القانون المسعودي) - a book about
Astronomy, Geography and Technical Expertise. This book is named Mas'ud, as his
dedication to Mas'ud, son of Mahmud of Ghazni.
• Understanding Astrology
(Arabic التفهيم لصناعة التنجيم) - questions and answers
about mathematical models and astronomy book, in Arabic and Persian
• Pharmacy - about drugs and
medicine
• Gems (Arabic الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر) about geology, minerals,
and gems, dedicated to Mawdud son Mas'ud
• URL: (English) Al Beruni
"On Stones" complete online text
• Astrolab
• A summary of history
• History of Mahmud of Ghazni
and his father
His contributions to the field
of mathematics namely:
The theoretical and practical
arithmetic
summation series
Combinatorial analysis
rule number 3
Irrational numbers
comparison theory
definition of algebra
method of solving algebraic
summation
Geometry
Theorem Archimedes
Angle triangle
Reference:
1. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New
York 1970-1990).
2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica.
3. ES Kennedy, A commentary upon Biruni's "Kitab
al-Amakin Tahdid": An
11th century Treatise on mathematical geography (Beirut,
1973).
4. IM Muminov (ed.), Al-Biruni and Ibn Sina:
Correspondence (Russian) (Tashkent, 1973).
5. BA Rozenfel'd, MM Rozhanskaya and ZK Skolovskaya,
Abu'l-65 Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048) (Russian) (Moscow, 1973).
6. HU Sadykov, Biruni and his work on astronomy and
mathematical geography (Russian) (Moscow, 1953).
7. HM Said (ed.), Al-Biruni commemorative volume:
Proceedings of the International Congress held in Karachi, November 26-December
12, 1973 (Karachi, 1979).
8. SH Sirazdinov and GP Matvievskaja, al-Biruni and his
mathematical
works (Russian) (Moscow, 1978).
9. F Zikrillaev, Al-Biruni's works on physics (Russian)
(Tashkent, 1973).
