Al Biruni,
Al Biruni, inspired by the
teachings of Ar Razi, who is so much to contribute in medicine and pharmacy,
and then he sort of Ar Razi findings in the context of the time and type of
discovery.
The Significance of
compilation Al Biruni was able to convince and improve various responses skewed
on Ar Razi, to develop their knowledge to Europe through Byzantium. And he did
hold a discussion and defense of various denials and align the various
scientific understood until then. He raised writing Ar Razi Shukuk 'ala
Nazariyat jalinus, with repair and straighten the various understanding of
medicine, psychology, concepts and theories of healing as a result of a
spontaneous outburst Galenius (Greek philosopher = Galenius in Arabic Jalinus),
at the time it gets tough challenge of society. As motivated to find answers to
the challenges experienced by Galenius, he tried to find the translation and
verification through its science. Conveyed to him that Galenius less successful
because too confident and they lack scientific support that time to bring
towards failure. The process of recording less support and Galenius just
excited to show new knowledge without the support process and test scientific
evidence. This alignment is done Ar Razi, became the basis for what evidentiary
support Jalinus (Galenius) supported by a wide range of references and proof
test is applicable.
As a professional, Ar Razi
made a lot of progress in the Islamic alternative to medicine and psychology.
He dared to bring medicine and psychology the scientific direction, to dare to
challenge the physician when it is based only on knowledge derived closed and
without proof. The physician then uses only non-scientific method and critical
patients recover without any indication of the likelihood of relapse and the
introduction of dose, and even make disease grounds as something supernatural
when they could not cure him. Ar Razi educate the physicians that medical
science and psychology as a science that is constantly evolving and always need
adjustment supported by the development of knowledge and research and the
latest information. In the medical books he has recorded three disease
categories, namely; 1) which can be cured, 2) That might be cured and 3) that
can not be cured. In his research he has been researching cancer, leprosy who
believed that time can not be cured. Due to the controversy it conveys Ar Razi
willing not to get the patient, as well as recognition awards fellow profession
at that time.
Through the book Man la
Yahduruhu, He provides dedication makes the book a way of healing, which serves
as a guide for the people, especially the poor, and certain people who want to
get protection and health response when remote or no physician. Furthermore,
this book is the beginning of the history of pharmacy is equipped with the next
issue, which beriisi of 36 chapters. In the book also described the procedure
of healing through diet, and medication records and further details of the user
who up to now become a reference pharmacist and should be available in
pharmacies and drugstores and to lay in doing self-medication. Even in Bur book
he edited Hour shorthand way of healing diseases and disease symptoms records
that do not need to consult with a physician. While the special review diet and
the effect of diet on health, he published the book Manafi 'al-Aghdhiyyah,
including diet and its phases.
Other physician at the time of
Ibn Masawayh write also about pharmacology and medical science with the
approach followed by the exposition of the subject, which is not only
pharmacology and medicine that are considered important, but knowledge of food,
nutrition and culinary to be important to their health. Recognized by Ar Razi
does it lead role and impact related benefits, until penelitianya He discovered
alcohol and bahayan obtained from grape nectars. At that time he has been
concluded as a result of alcohol use have an indication of the onset of
epilepsy, paralysis, dementia symptoms, Chirosis, hepatitis, mental disorders,
vision disorders, obesity (obesity) and impotence.
Research on the body's healing
efforts of various diseases, he admits lack pahamannya on the influence of the
soul to the body, but he continued to perform scientific observations and care
for the continuity psychoterapy.
Still in his day, a pharmacist
al-Mansuri and Tibb ar-Ruhani, (906-907) recognizes the difficulty of doing
research between body and soul, but the recognition of Ar Razi has given
archetype in the continuation of his research. Sajih Abu Mansur ibn Ishaq ibn
Ahmad ibn Asad divide the 20 chapters the results Tibb ar-discuss the spiritual
and objectively with Ar Razi on the subject in the know; and understanding
patterns of human desires, human stimulation, pleasure, anger, pain,
unconsciousness, memory loss, victory and death. That the real man is a
creature that has a high level of complexity, have an appreciation of the
various interests to psychotherapy and psychology as a whole and this is
important in a series of human healing.
Compilation book al-Hawi
fit-Tibb became the forerunner of medical encyclopedia that systematically
describes various medical knowledge termasik various medical explanations
ancient times, the development of Islamic dijaman physician. Despite the book
has not been fully edited as Ar Razi trigger death, but his disciples who have
mewarisimateria medica and healing arts and pharmaceuticals including dosage
and toxicologi knowledge, has continued his completeness.
The book on the Islamic era
until the end of the renaissance and medieval consistently become a reference
of the pharmacists in giving prescriptions for curing disease. The entry of the
various elements in the treatment of for example mineral instance vitriol,
copper, mercury and arsenic salt, salmoniak, chalk, clay, coral, pearl, tar and
bitumen was first performed by Ar Razi in doing chemoterapy. Similarly, he also
recommends the use of opium in anesthesia techniques. Special diet books and
healing with medicinal edited and finish by Ahmad b. Abi al-Ash'ath in his
second Quwa al-Adwiyyah and al-Ghadhi wal-Mughtadhi in the year 965 AD
Quwa al-Adwiyyah book consists
of three parts and mepaparkan the general rules and regulations in the response
to treatment, is associated with a diet of herbs, minerals khewani and drug
use. It is understood the time that the body itself produces the active
substance for the prevention of diseases and plants can be used as a
complement. The book is dedicated and explanations above for both pupil
Mohammed bin Ayyub Ibn ath-Thallaj of Mosul, and Ahmad bin. Mohammed al-Baladi.
Ibn Abi al-Ash'ath explanation in the book is mainly about the three principles
relating to disease and health, endurance and indications of symptoms as well
as other diseases in general.
The general rule regarding
drugs described body treatment, symptoms and preventive efforts as well as the
causes and side effects. In detail, he also explains in his book about the five
principles associated with the cause of the disease and the effect on health,
among others; the condition of the air around our place of rest and activity,
body manifestations, infusion and evacuation as well as a variety of things
that affect the body, as well as the impact of food and drink intake can affect
the body's health.
The new way of simple
treatment can be done by warming, compress (cooling), massage or drying. Stages
of healing to do next through understanding pharmacology; which must be carried
out by experts or who really understand. That time he has given the critics is
a good physician is not oriented to income but it must be oriented towards the
development of knowledge and successful cure.
Development of the anatomy and
animals more developed by his student Ibn Abi al-Ash'ath. Associated with
Psychoterapy has been learned about; consciousness and unconsciousness peeled
into 6 chapters, among others, explained that sleep is a control function of
the brain, which is associated with other organs. Kematianmerupakan bed and
sleep two different things is the interaction of the brain (active motion) is
coupled therein contemplation, memory (reminiscence) and imajinasi.bahkan in
sleep he classifies three stages of sleep, namely; the early stages of sleep;
sleep with a dream and deep sleep without dreams. Lately known Ibn Abi
al-Ash'ath's gain medical knowledge also of Abu Mahir Musa bin Sayyar. A royal
physician of King Adud ad-Dawla (983 M), which has managed to put together a
medical kopendium Al Maliki or in the western hemisphere known as Liber Rigius.
Eksiklopedi mentioned above consists of 12 chapters way of healing including theory
and practice procedures for drug delivery. Also equipped with herbal treatment
protocols, as well as through mineral khewani.
In conducting the treatment
explained through a classification by age, sex, changes in the face, the
sharpness of vision must be taken into consideration in conducting examination
and healing patients.
Abu Raihan al-Biruni (also,
Biruni, Al Biruni, born 5 September 973 - meninggal13 December 1048 at the age
of 75 years) (Persian: ابوریحان بیرونی; Arabic: أبو الريحان البيروني) is a Persian
mathematician, astronomer, physicist, scholar, encyclopedia writer,
philosopher, traveler, historian, pharmacist and teacher, which greatly
contributed to the fields of mathematics, philosophy, medicine.
Abu Raihan al-Biruni was born
in Khawarazmi, Turkmenistan or Khiva in kawasanDanau Aral in Central Asia at
that time located in the Persian empire. He studied mathematics and study stars
of Abu Nasr Mansur.
Abu Raihan al-Biruni was a
friend philosopher and drugs Abu Ali Al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina /
Avicenna, historian, philosopher and ethicist Ibn Miskawayh, at the university
and science center founded by the son of Abu Al Abbas Ma ' Khawarazmshah mun.
Abu Raihan al-Biruni also wander over to India by Mahmud of Ghazni and
accompanied him in ketenteraannya there, studying languages, philosophy and
religion and wrote a book about it. He also mastered several languages including Greek, Syriac, and the Berber language,
Sanskrit.
Al-Biruni wrote many books in
Persian language (mother tongue) and Arabic.
Here are the works of
Al-Biruni is:
• When the 17-year-old, he
examined the latitude for Kath, Khwarazm, using solar maxima altitude.
• At the age of 22, he wrote
some quick work, including a study of map projections, "Cartography",
which termasukmetodologi to make projections hemisphere on a plane.
• At the age of 27, he has
written a book called "Chronology" which refers to any work produced
by him (now no more), including a book about the astrolabe, a book on the
decimal system, four books on assessment star, and two books on history.
• He made a research to 6339.6
kilometer radius of the Earth (this result was repeated in the West in the 16th
century).
The contribution of Muslim
Geographers
A series of Muslim geographers
have contributed to the development of earth sciences. Al-Kindi geographers
recognized as meritorious as the first to introduce experiment in earth
sciences. Meanwhile, Al-Biruni lined up as 'the father of geodesy' which has contributed
to the geography and geology.
John J O'Connor and Edmund F
Robertson wrote its recognition of the contribution of Al-Biruni in MacTutor
History of Mathematics. According to them, '' Al-Biruni has donated an
important contribution to the development of geography and geodesy. It was he
who introduced the technique of earth and distance measurement using
triangulation. ''
Al-Biruni who discovered the
Earth reaches 6339.6 km radius. Until the 16th century AD, the West has not
been able to measure the radius of the earth as did al-Biruni. Mr history of
science, George Sarton, also recognizes the contribution of Muslim scholars in
the development of geography and geology. '' We find in his writings metedo
chemical research, a theory about the formation of iron. ''
One of the peculiarities that
developed Muslim geographers is the emergence of bio-geography. It was driven
by a number of Arabs in the era of the Caliphate were interested in
distributing and classifying plants, animals, and the evolution of life. Muslim
scholars tried to analyze various types of plants.
Muslim geographers in the
Golden Age
1. Hisham al-Kalbi (8th
century AD)
He was the first geographer in
the history of Islam. Hisham was so popular with the deep study of the Arab
region.
2. Musa Al-Khwarizmi (780 AD -
850 AD)
Mathematician who also
geographers it revised the outlook Ptolemaues about geography. Together 70
twenty geographer, Al-Khwarizmi made the first map of the globe in the year 830
AD
3. Al-Ya'qubi (died 897 AD)
He wrote a geography book
titled 'The countries' that are so popular with the study topografisnya.
4. Ibn Khordadbeh (820 AD -
912 AD)
He was a student of Al-Kindi
who studies the streets in various provinces carefully and pour it into the
book Al Masalik wa Al-Mamalik (Roads and the Kingdom).
5. Al-Dinawari (828 AD - 898
AD)
Muslim geographers who also
has contributed to the development of the science of geography.
6. Hamdani (893 AD - 945 AD)
Muslim Geographers 9th century AD that dedicated itself to developing geographies.
7. Ali al-Masudi (896 AD - 956
AD)
Full name Abul Hasan Ali
Al-Ma'sudi. He studied the internal and external factors that influence the
formation of the earth batubatuan with astonishing originality.
8. Ahmad ibn Fadlan (10th
century AD)
He is a geographer who wrote
an encyclopedia and a story of a trip to the Volga and the Caspian region.
9. Ahmad ibn Rustah (10th
century AD)
Ibn Rustah is a geographer who
wrote a huge encyclopedia of the geography. Al Balkhi Gives sizeable
contribution in mapping the world. Al Kindi As well as oceanographers, he was
also a scientist multitalented. As a physicist, optics, metallurgy, and even
philosophy.
10. Al Istakhar II and Ibn
Hawqal (10th century AD)
A major contribution in
mapping the world.
11. Al-Idrisi (1099 AD)
Famous geographer of his time,
which is also known as a zoologist.
12. Al Baghdadi (1162 M)
A leading Muslim geographers.
13. Abdul-Leteef Mawaffaq
(1162 M)
In addition to experts in
geography, he is also an expert treatment.
Al Biruni noted astronomer
well as this one, to give my contribution in the field of astrology in the
Renaissance. He has declared that the earth rotates on its axis. At that time,
Al-Biruni also have estimated the size of the earth and correct the direction
of Makkah scientifically from various directions in the world. From 150 the
fruit of thought, 35 of them dedicated to the field of astronomy.
He is a Persian mathematician,
astronomer, physicist, scholar, encyclopedist, philosopher, traveler,
historian, pharmacist and teacher, which greatly contributed to the fields of
mathematics, philosophy, medicine ...
The work of Al-Biruni more
than 120 books.
His contributions to the field
of mathematics namely:
The theoretical and practical
arithmetic
summation series
Combinatorial analysis
rule number 3
Irrational numbers
comparison theory
definition of algebra
method of solving algebraic
summation
Geometry
Theorem Archimedes
Angle triangle
Results keryanya addition to
the field of mathematics, namely:
• Critical study of the words
of India, whether to accept or reject reason (Arabic تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة معقولة في العقل أم مرذولة) - a summary of the
religion and philosophy of India
• Remaining Signs of Past
Century (Arabic الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية) - a comparative study of
calendars of different cultures and different civilizations, linked to
information about mathematics, astronomy, and history.
• Mas'udi Regulation (Arabic القانون المسعودي) - a book about
Astronomy, Geography and Technical Expertise. This book is named Mas'ud, as his
dedication to Mas'ud, son of Mahmud of Ghazni.
• Understanding Astrology
(Arabic التفهيم لصناعة التنجيم) - questions and answers
about mathematical models and astronomy book, in Arabic and Persian
• Pharmacy - about drugs and
medicine
• Gems (Arabic الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر) about geology, minerals,
and gems, dedicated to Mawdud son Mas'ud
• URL: (English) Al Beruni
"On Stones" complete online text
• Astrolab
• A summary of history
• History of Mahmud of Ghazni
and his father
His contributions to the field
of mathematics namely:
The theoretical and practical
arithmetic
summation series
Combinatorial analysis
rule number 3
Irrational numbers
comparison theory
definition of algebra
method of solving algebraic
summation
Geometry
Theorem Archimedes
Angle triangle
Reference:
1. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New
York 1970-1990).
2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica.
3. ES Kennedy, A commentary upon Biruni's "Kitab
al-Amakin Tahdid": An
11th century Treatise on mathematical geography (Beirut,
1973).
4. IM Muminov (ed.), Al-Biruni and Ibn Sina:
Correspondence (Russian) (Tashkent, 1973).
5. BA Rozenfel'd, MM Rozhanskaya and ZK Skolovskaya,
Abu'l-65 Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048) (Russian) (Moscow, 1973).
6. HU Sadykov, Biruni and his work on astronomy and
mathematical geography (Russian) (Moscow, 1953).
7. HM Said (ed.), Al-Biruni commemorative volume:
Proceedings of the International Congress held in Karachi, November 26-December
12, 1973 (Karachi, 1979).
8. SH Sirazdinov and GP Matvievskaja, al-Biruni and his
mathematical
works (Russian) (Moscow, 1978).
9. F Zikrillaev, Al-Biruni's works on physics (Russian)
(Tashkent, 1973).
Al Biruni, terinspirasi ajaran Ar Razi, yang begitu banyak memberi
sumbangan dalam ilmu kedokteran dan farmasi, kemudian ia memilah berbagai
temuan Ar Razi dalam konteks waktu dan jenis penemuan.
Yang penting dari kompilasi Al Biruni adalah berhasil meyakinkan dan
memperbaiki berbagai tanggapan miring atas Ar
Razi, hingga mengembangkan ilmunya ke Eropa melalui Byzantium. Iapun
melakukan diskusi dan mengadakan pembelaan dari berbagai bantahan serta
meluruskan berbagai keilmuan yang dipahami hingga saat itu. Ia mengangkat
tulisan Ar Razi Shukuk ‘ala
Nazariyat jalinus, dengan memperbaiki dan meluruskan berbagai pemahaman
tentang ilmu kedokteran, psychology, konsep dan teori penyembuhan sebagai hasil
cetusan dari Galenius (filsuf yunani = Galenius dalam bahasa arab Jalinus),
pada jaman itu mendapat tantangan yang keras dari masyarakatnya. Seolah
terdorong mencari jawaban dari tantangan yang dialami Galenius, Ia berupaya
mencari penjabaran dan pembuktian melalui keilmuan yang dimilikinya.
Disampaikan olehnya bahwa Galenius kurang berhasil karena terlalu percaya diri
dan masih kurangnya dukungan keilmuan waktu itu hingga membawa kearah
kegagalan. Proses pencatatan kurang mendukung dan Galenius hanya bersemangat
menampilkan pengetahuan baru tanpa dukungan proses maupun uji pembuktian
ilmiah. Pelurusan inilah yang dilakukan Ar Razi, menjadi dasar untuk menunjang
pembuktian apa yang dilakukan Jalinus (Galenius) didukung berbagai referensi
dan uji pembuktian secara aplikatif.
Sebagai seorang profesional, Ar
Razi banyak membuat progres dalam alternatif bagi kedokteran islam dan ilmu
psikologi . Ia berani membawa ilmu kedokteran dan psychologi kearah ilmiah,
hingga berani menantang para tabib saat itu yang mendasarkan hanya pada ilmu
turunan yang tertutup dan tanpa pembuktian. Tabib saat itu hanya menggunakan cara
non ilmiah dan yang penting pasien sembuh tanpa indikasi kemungkinan kambuh
maupun pengenalan dosis, bahkan menjadikan alasan penyakit sebagai sesuatu yang
supra natural apabila mereka tidak sanggup menyembuhkannya. Ar Razi mendidik
para tabib bahwa ilmu kedokteran dan Psikologi sebagai ilmu yang senantiasa
berkembang dan selalu perlu penyesuaian yang didukung dengan pengembangan
pengetahuan dan penelitian dan informasi terbaru. Dalam buku kedokterannya ia
telah mencatat tiga katagori penyakit yaitu ; 1) yang dapat disembuhkan, 2)
Yang mungkin disembuhkan dan 3) yang tidak bisa disembuhkan. Dalam
penelitiannya ia telah meneliti penyakit kanker, lepra yang diyakini saat itu
tidak dapat disembuhkan. Akibat kontroversi yang disampaikannya Ar Razi rela tidak
mendapatkan pasien, penghargaan maupun pengakuan sesama profesi saat itu.
Melalui buku Man la Yahduruhu, Ia memberikan
dedikasi membuat buku cara penyembuhan, yang menjadi panduan bagi masyarakat
terutama masyarakat miskin, dan orang-orang tertentu yang ingin mendapat
perlindungan dan penanggulangan kesehatan disaat jauh atau tidak ada tabib.
Lebih lanjut buku ini awal sejarah kefarmasian yang dilengkapi dengan terbitan
berikutnya, yang beriisi dari 36 bab. Dalam buku tersebut dijelaskan pula
tatacara penyembuhan melalui diet, dan berbagai catatan obat dan rincian
penggunaannya yang selanjutnya hingga kini menjadi acuan farmasis dan harus
tersedia di apotik maupun toko obat dan bagi awam dalam melakukan self
medikasi. Bahkan dalam buku Bur
as-Sa’ah ia menyunting cara
singkat penyembuhan penyakit dan catatan gejala penyakit yang tidak perlu
berkonsultasi dengan tabib. Sedangkan ulasan khusus diet dan pengaruh pola
makan terhadap kesehatan, ia terbitkan dalam buku Manafi’ al-Aghdhiyyah, termasuk
didalamnya pola makan dan tahapan-tahapannya.
Seorang tabib lainnya pada jaman
itu Ibn Masawayh menulis pula mengenai farmakologi
dan ilmu kedokteran dengan sisi pendekatan melalui eksposisi subjek, yaitu
tidak hanya farmakologi dan ilmu kedokteran yang dianggap penting, namun
pemahaman pangan, gizi dan kuliner menjadi penting terhadap kondisi kesehatan.
Diakui oleh Ar Razi memang hal itu membawa peran terkait manfaat dan dampak,
hingga penelitianya Ia menemukan Alkohol dan bahayan yang diperoleh dari
saripati anggur. Saat itu ia telah menyimpulkan sebagai dampak penggunaan
alkohol mempunyai indikasi terhadap timbulnya penyakit epilepsi, paralysis,
gejala pikun, Chirosis, hepatitis, gangguan mental, gangguan pengelihatan ,
kegemukan (obesitas) dan impotensi.
Penelitiannya terhadap upaya
penyembuhan tubuh dari berbagai penyakit, ia mengakui kekurang pahamannya atas
pengaruh jiwa terhadap tubuh, namun ia terus melakukan pengamatan ilmiah dan
peduli terhadap kelangsungan psychoterapy.
Masih pada zamannya, seorang
farmasis al-Mansuri dan Tibb
ar-Ruhani, (906-907) mengakui sulitnya melakukan penelitian antara tubuh
dan jiwa, namun diakuinya Ar Razi telah memberi pola dasar dalam kelanjutan
penelitiannya. Abu Sajih Mansur bin Ishaq bin Ahmad bin Asad membagi 20 bab
hasil penelitian Tibb
ar-Ruhani dan mendiskusikannya secara
objektif dengan Ar Razi mengenai hal tersebut dalam mengetahui ; pola pemahaman
dan keinginan manusia, rangsangan manusia, kesenangan, kemarahan, kesakitan,
ketidaksadaran, kehilangan ingatan, kemenangan dan kematian. Bahwa sesungguhnya
manusia merupakan mahluk yang mempunyai tingkat kompleksitas yang tinggi,
memiliki apresiasi terhadap berbagai kepentingan terhadap psikoterapi dan
psikologi sebagai suatu kesatuan dan hal penting dalam rangkaian penyembuhan manusia.
Kompilasi buku al-Hawi fit-Tibb menjadi cikal bakal ensiklopedi
kedokteran yang secara sistimatis menjelaskan berbagai pengetahuan kedokteran
termasik berbagai penjelasan kedokteran zaman dulu, perkembangan tabib dijaman
islam. Kendati buku tersebut belum teredit secara lengkap karena Ar Razi keburu
wafat, namun para muridnya yang telah mewarisimateria medica dan seni
pengobatan dan farmasi termasuk pengetahuan dosis dan toxicologi , telah melanjutkan kelengkapan
tulisannya.
Buku tersebut pada zaman Islam
hingga renaisance dan akhir abad pertengahan konsisten menjadi acuan para
farmasis dalam memberikan resep bagi penyembuhan penyakit. Masuknya berbagai
unsur dalam pengobatan misalnya mineral misalnya vitriol, tembaga, air raksa
dan garam arsen, salmoniak, kapur, lempung, koral, mutiara, tar dan bitumen
dilakukan pertama kali oleh Ar Razi dalam melakukan chemoterapy. Begitu pula iapun merekomendasikan
pemakaian opium dalam melakukan teknik pembiusan. Khusus buku diet dan penyembuhan
dengan obat disunting dan
tuntaskan oleh Ahmad b. Abi
al-Ash’ath dalam kedua
bukunya Quwa
al-Adwiyyah dan al-Ghadhi wal-Mughtadhi pada tahun 965 M
Buku Quwa al-Adwiyyah terdiri dari tiga bagian dan
mepaparkan mengenai aturan umum dan peraturan dalam penanggulangan pengobatan,
terkait dengan pola makan dari tumbuhan, khewani dan penggunaan obat mineral.
Telah dipahami waktu itu bahwa tubuh sendiri menghasilkan zat aktif bagi
penanggulangan penyakit dan tumbuh-tumbuhan pun dapat dijadikan pelengkap. Buku
tersebut di atas didedikasikan dan penjelasan bagi kedua muridnya Mohammed bin Ayyub Ibn ath-Thallaj
dari Mosul, dan Ahmad bin. Mohammed al-Baladi. Ibn
Abi al-Ash’ath penjelasannya
dalam buku tersebut terutama mengenai 3 prinsip yang terkait dengan penyakit
dan kesehatan, daya tahan tubuh dan indikasi gejala yang timbul serta penyakit
lain pada umumnya.
Mengenai obat dijelaskan Aturan
umum pengobatan tubuh, gejala dan upaya penanggulangannya serta penyebab dan
efek samping. Secara rinci iapun menjelaskan dalam bukunya mengenai 5 prinsip
yang terkait dengan Penyebab penyakit dan pengaruh terhadap kesehatan antara
lain ; kondisi udara disekitar tempat kita beristirahat dan melakukan kegiatan,
manifestasi tubuh, infusi dan evakuasi serta berbagai hal yang berpengaruh pada
tubuh, begitupun dampak dari asupan makanan dan minuman dapat berpengaruh pada
kesehatan tubuh.
Cara baru pengobatan sederhana
dapat dilakukan dengan penghangatan, kompres (pendinginan), pemijatan atau
pengeringan. Tahapan penyembuhan yang dapat dilakukan berikutnya melalui
pemahaman pharmacology; yang harus dilakukan oleh ahlinya atau yang betul-betul
memahami. Jaman itu ia telah memberikan kritisi yaitu seorang tabib yang baik
tidak berorientasi pada penghasilan namun ia harus berorientasi pada
pengembangan pengetahuan dan keberhasilan menyembuhkan penyakit.
Pengembangan terhadap anatomi
tubuh dan khewan lebih dikembangkan oleh muridnya Ibn Abi al-Ash’ath. Terkait dengan Psychoterapy telah
dipelajari mengenai ; kesadaran dan ketidaksadaran dikupas dalam 6 bab, antara lain
dijelaskan bahwa tidur adalah merupakan kontrol fungsi otak,
yang berhubungan dengan organ tubuh lainnya. Tidur dan kematianmerupakan
dua hal yang berbeda Tidur merupakan interaksi kerja otak (active motion) yang
terangkai didalamnya kontemplasi, memori (reminiscence) dan imajinasi.bahkan
dalam tidur ia mengklasifikasikan 3 tahapan tidur yaitu ; tahap awal tidur ;
tidur dengan mimpi dan tidur nyenyak tanpa mimpi. Belakangan ini diketahui Ibn Abi al-Ash’ath’s mendapatkan pengetahuan kedokteran
pula dari Abu Mahir Musa bin
Sayyar. Seorang tabib istana Raja Adud ad-Dawlah (983 M) yang telah
berhasil menyusun kopendium kedokteran Al Maliki atau di belahan barat dikenal
dengan Liber Rigius.
Eksiklopedi tersebut di atas terdiri dari 12 bab cara penyembuhan termasuk
teori dan tatacara praktek pemberian obat. Dilengkapi pula tatacara pengobatan
melalui herbal , khewani maupun melalui mineral.
Dalam melakukan pengobatan
dijelaskan pula melalui klasifikasi berdasarkan usia, jenis kelamin, perubahan
pada wajah, ketajaman pengelihatan harus menjadi bahan pertimbangan dalam
melakukan pemeriksaan dan penyembuhan pasien.
Abu Raihan
Al-Biruni (juga, Biruni, Al Biruni; lahir 5 September 973 – meninggal13 Desember 1048 pada umur 75 tahun) (bahasa
Persia:
ابوریحان بیرونی ; bahasa Arab: أبو الريحان البيروني) merupakan
matematikawan Persia, astronom,
fisikawan, sarjana, penulis ensiklopedia, filsuf,
pengembara, sejarawan, ahli farmasi dan guru, yang banyak menyumbang kepada
bidang matematika, filsafat, obat-obatan.
Abu Raihan Al-Biruni merupakan
teman filsuf dan ahli obat-obatan Abu Ali Al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina/Ibnu Sina, sejarawan,
filsuf, dan pakar etik Ibnu
Miskawaih, di universitas dan pusat sains yang didirikan oleh putera Abu
Al Abbas Ma'mun Khawarazmshah. Abu Raihan Al-Biruni juga mengembara ke India
dengan Mahmud dari Ghazni dan menemani dia dalam ketenteraannya di sana,
mempelajari bahasa, falsafah dan agama mereka dan menulis buku mengenainya. Dia
juga menguasai beberapa bahasa diantaranya bahasa
Yunani, bahasa Suriah, dan bahasa Berber,bahasa
Sanskerta.
Berikut karya-karya Al-Biruni
ialah:
· Ketika berusia 17 tahun, dia
meneliti garis lintang bagi Kath, Khwarazm, dengan menggunakan altitude maksima
matahari.
· Ketika berusia 22, dia menulis
beberapa hasil kerja ringkas, termasuk kajian proyeksi peta, "Kartografi", yang termasukmetodologi untuk membuat proyeksi belahan
bumi pada bidang datar.
· Ketika berusia 27, dia telah
menulis buku berjudul "Kronologi" yang merujuk kepada hasil kerja
lain yang dihasilkan oleh dia (sekarang tiada lagi) termasuk sebuah buku
tentang astrolab, sebuah buku tentang sistem desimal, 4 buku tentang pengkajian bintang, dan 2 buku tentang sejarah.
· Dia membuat penelitian radius Bumi kepada 6.339,6 kilometer
(hasil ini diulang di Barat pada abad ke 16).
Kontribusi Geografer Muslim
Sederet geografer Muslim telah banyak memberi kontribusi
bagi pengembangan ilmu bumi. Al-Kindi diakui begitu berjasa sebagai geografer
pertama yang memperkenalkan percobaan ke dalam ilmu bumi. Sedangkan, Al-Biruni
didapuk sebagai ‘bapak geodesi’ yang banyak memberi kontribusi terhadap
geografi dan juga geologi.
John J O’Connor dan Edmund F Robertson menuliskan
pengakuannya terhadap kontribusi Al-Biruni dalam MacTutor History of
Mathematics. Menurut mereka, ‘’Al-Biruni telah menyumbangkan
kontribusi penting bagi pengembangan geografi dan geodesi. Dialah yang
memperkenalkan teknik pengukuran bumi dan jaraknya dengan menggunakan
triangulation.’’
Al-Biruni-lah yang menemukan radius bumi mencapai 6.339,6
km. Hingga abad ke-16 M, Barat belum mampu mengukur radius bumi seperti yang
dilakukan Al-Biruni. Bapak sejarah sains, George Sarton, juga mengakui kontribusi
sarjana Muslim dalam pengembangan geografi dan geologi. ‘’Kita menemukan dalam
tulisannya metedo penelitian kimia, sebuah teori tentang pembentukan besi.’’
Salah satu kekhasan yang dikembangkan geografer Muslim
adalah munculnya bio-geografi. Hal itu didorong oleh banyaknya orang Arab di
era kekhalifahan yang tertarik untuk mendistribusi dan mengklasifikasi tanaman,
binatang, dan evolusi kehidupan. Para sarjana Muslim mencoba menganalisis
beragam jenis tanaman.
Geografer Muslim di Era Keemasan
1. Hisyam Al-Kalbi (abad ke-8 M)
Dia adalah ahli ilmu bumi pertama dalam sejarah Islam.
Hisyam begitu populer dengan studinya yang mendalam mengenai kawasan Arab.
2. Musa Al-Khawarizmi (780 M – 850 M)
Ahli matematika yang juga geografer itu merevisi
pandangan Ptolemaues mengenai geografi. Bersama-sama 70 puluh geografer,
Al-Khawarizmi membuat peta globe pertama pada tahun 830 M.
3. Al-Ya’qubi (wafat 897 M)
Dia menulis buku geografi bertajuk ‘Negeri-negeri’ yang
begitu populer dengan studi topografisnya.
4. Ibn Khordadbeh (820 M – 912 M)
Dia adalah murid Al-Kindi yang mempelajari jalan-jalan di
berbagai provinsi secara cermat dan menuangkannya ke dalam buku Al- Masalik wa
Al-Mamalik (Jalan dan Kerajaan).
5. Al-Dinawari (828 M – 898 M)
Geografer Muslim yang juga banyak memberi kontribusi pada
perkembangan ilmu geografi.
6. Hamdani (893 M – 945 M) Geografer Muslim abad ke-9 M
yang mendedikasikan dirinya untuk mengembangkan geografi.
7. Ali al-Masudi (896 M – 956 M)
Nama lengkapnya Abul hasan Ali Al-Ma’sudi. Ia mempelajari
faktorfaktor internal dan eksternal yang mempengaruhi pembentukan batubatuan di
bumi dengan orisinalitas yang mencengangkan.
8. Ahmad ibn Fadlan (abad ke-10 M)
Dia adalah geografer yang menulis ensiklopedia dan kisah
perjalanan ke daerah Volga dan Kaspia.
9. Ahmad ibn Rustah (abad ke-10 M)
Ibnu Rustah merupakan geografer yang menulis ensiklopedia
besar mengenai geografi. Al Balkhi Memberikan sumbangan cukup besar dalam
pemetaan dunia. Al Kindi Selain terkenal sebagai ahli oseanografi, dia juga
seorang ilmuwan multitalenta. Sebagai ahli fisika, optik, metalurgi, bahkan
filosofi.
10. Al Istakhar II dan Ibnu Hawqal (abad ke-10 M)
Memberikan kontribusi besar dalam pemetaan dunia.
11. Al-Idrisi (1099 M)
Ahli geografi kesohor pada zamannya, yang juga dikenal
sebagai ahli zoologi.
12. Al Baghdadi (1162 M)
Seorang geografer Muslim terkemuka.
13. Abdul-Leteef Mawaffaq (1162 M)
Selain pakar geografi, dia juga merupakan ahli
pengobatan.
Al Biruni tercatat
pula sebagai Ahli astronomi yang satu ini, turut memberi sumbangan dalam bidang
astrologi pada zaman Renaissance. Ia telah menyatakan bahwa bumi berputar pada
porosnya. Pada zaman itu, Al-Biruni juga telah memperkirakan ukuran bumi dan
membetulkan arah kota Makkah secara saintifik dari berbagai arah di dunia. Dari
150 hasil buah pikirnya, 35 diantaranya didedikasikan untuk bidang astronomi.
Ia merupakan matematikawan Persia, astronom, fisikawan,
sarjana, penulis ensiklopedia, filsuf, pengembara, sejarawan, ahli farmasi dan
guru, yang banyak menyumbang kepada bidang matematika, filsafat, obat-obatan...
Hasil karya Al-Biruni melebihi 120 buah buku.
penjumlahan
seri
kaidah
angka 3
teori
perbandingan
metode
pemecahan penjumlahan aljabar
Sudut
segitiga
Hasil keryanya selain bidang
matematika yaitu:
· Kajian kritis tentang ucapan
orang India, apakah menerima dengan alasan atau menolak (bahasa Arab تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة معقولة في العقل أم مرذولة) - sebuah ringkasan tentang
agama dan filosofi India
· Tanda yang Tersisa dari Abad
Lampau (bahasa Arab الآثار
الباقية عن القرون الخالية) - kajian komparatif tentang
kalender dari berbagai budaya dan peradaban yang berbeda, dihubungkan dengan
informasi mengenai matematika, astronomi, dan sejarah.
· Peraturan Mas'udi (bahasa Arab القانون المسعودي) - sebuah buku tentang Astronomi, Geografi dan Keahlian Teknik. Buku ini
diberi nama Mas'ud, sebagai dedikasinya kepada Mas'ud, putra Mahmud dari
Ghazni.
· Pengertian Astrologi (bahasa Arab التفهيم لصناعة التنجيم) - pertanyaan dan jawaban
model buku tentang matematika dan astronomi, dalam bahasa Arab dan bahasa Persia
· Permata (bahasa Arab الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر) tentang geologi, mineral, dan permata, dipersembahkan untuk Mawdud
putra Mas'ud
· Astrolab
· Buku ringkasan sejarah
· Riwayat Mahmud dari Ghazni dan
ayahnya
Sumbangannya pada bidang matematika yakni:
Aritmatika teoritis and praktis
penjumlahan seri
Analisis kombinatorial
kaidah angka 3
Bilangan irasional
teori perbandingan
definisi aljabar
metode pemecahan penjumlahan aljabar
Geometri
Teorema Archimedes
Sudut segitiga
Reference:
1. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New
York 1970-1990).
2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica.
3. E S Kennedy, A commentary upon Biruni's "Kitab
Tahdid al-Amakin" : An
11th century treatise on mathematical geography (Beirut,
1973).
4. I M Muminov (ed.), al-Biruni and Ibn Sina :
Correspondence (Russian)(Tashkent, 1973).
5. B A Rozenfel'd, M M Rozhanskaya and Z K Skolovskaya,
Abu'l-Rayhan al-65 Biruni (973-1048) (Russian) (Moscow, 1973).
6. H U Sadykov, Biruni and his work on astronomy and
mathematical geography (Russian) (Moscow, 1953).
7. H M Said (ed.), al-Biruni commemorative volume :
Proceedings of the International Congress held in Karachi, November 26-December
12, 1973 (Karachi, 1979).
8. S H Sirazdinov and G P Matvievskaja, al-Biruni and his
mathematical
works (Russian) (Moscow, 1978).
9. F Zikrillaev, Al-Biruni's works on physics (Russian)
(Tashkent, 1973).
Terbang Ibnu
Firnas
Aircraft Ibn
Firnas and sketches of flying machines Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas (in the West
known as Armen Firman) was born in 810 AD in Izn-Rand Onda, Al-Andalus (now
Ronda, Spain). He is known to experts in the various disciplines, in addition
to a chemist, he was also a humanist, inventor, musician, physicist, poet, and
a technology activist. This man of Moroccan descent live in the present reign
of the Umayyad caliph in Andalusia (Spain). In the year 852, under the reign of
Caliph Abdul Rahman II, Ibn Firnas decided to test 'fly' from the minaret
Mezquita in Cordoba by using some sort of wings of wood propped cloak.
Artificial wings turned out to make it float while in the air and slow the
fall, he also managed to land even with minor injuries. The tools used Ibn
Firnas is then known as the world's first parachute. In the year 875, when the
age of 65 years, Ibn Firnas designing and making a flying machine capable of
carrying humans. Once the final version has been established, he deliberately
inviting people to participate witnessed Cordoba historical cost in Jabal
Al-'Arus (Mount of the Bride) in the Rusafa district, near Cordoba. The flight
was witnessed by the community was fairly successful. Unfortunately, because of
the way sliding unfavorable, Ibn Firnas slammed into the ground along with
homemade gliders. He also suffered a severe back injury. Injury that makes Ibn
Firnas powerless to do next test. Abbas Ibn Firnas died in the year 888, in a
state struggling to heal a back injury suffered as a result of failure to test
homemade gliders. Although experiments to fly using a pair of wings from
feathers and wood frame does not work perfectly, but the innovative ideas of
Ibn Firnas then studied Roger Bacon 500 years after the laying Firnas basic
theories plane. Then, about 200 years after Bacon (700 years pascaujicoba Ibn
Firnas), then the concepts and theories developed aircraft.
Source:
http://www.defence.pk/forums/military-photos-multimedia/41123-first-flight-remembring-abbas-ibn-firnas.html#ixzz2H4EznTn9
Pesawat Terbang Ibnu Firnas dan Sketsa mesin terbangnya
Abbas Qasim Ibnu Firnas (di Barat dikenal dengan nama Armen Firman) dilahirkan
pada tahun 810 Masehi di Izn-Rand Onda, Al-Andalus (kini Ronda, Spanyol). Dia
dikenal ahli dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu, selain seorang ahli kimia, ia juga
seorang humanis, penemu, musisi, ahli ilmu alam, penulis puisi, dan seorang
penggiat teknologi. Pria keturunan Maroko ini hidup pada saat pemerintahan
Khalifah Umayyah di Andalusia (Spanyol). Pada tahun 852, di bawah pemerintahan
Khalifah Abdul Rahman II, Ibnu Firnas memutuskan untuk melakukan ujicoba
‘terbang’ dari menara Masjid Mezquita di Cordoba dengan menggunakan semacam
sayap dari jubah yang disangga kayu. Sayap buatan itu ternyata membuatnya melayang
sebentar di udara dan memperlambat jatuhnya, ia pun berhasil mendarat walau
dengan cedera ringan. Alat yang digunakan Ibnu Firnas inilah yang kemudian
dikenal sebagai parasut pertama di dunia. Pada tahun 875, saat usianya
menginjak 65 tahun, Ibnu Firnas merancang dan membuat sebuah mesin terbang yang
mampu membawa manusia. Setelah versi finalnya berhasil dibuat, ia sengaja
mengundang orang-orang Cordoba untuk turut menyaksikan penerbangan
bersejarahnya di Jabal Al-‘Arus (Mount of the Bride) di kawasan Rusafa, dekat
Cordoba. Penerbangan yang disaksikan secara luas oleh masyarakat itu terbilang
sangat sukses. Sayangnya, karena cara meluncur yang kurang baik, Ibnu Firnas
terhempas ke tanah bersama pesawat layang buatannya. Dia pun mengalami cedera
punggung yang sangat parah. Cederanya inilah yang membuat Ibnu Firnas tak
berdaya untuk melakukan ujicoba berikutnya. Abbas Ibnu Firnas wafat pada tahun
888, dalam keadaan berjuang menyembuhkan cedera punggung yang diderita akibat
kegagalan melakukan ujicoba pesawat layang buatannya. Walaupun percobaan
terbang menggunakan sepasang sayap dari bulu dan rangka kayu tidak berhasil
dengan sempurna, namun gagasan inovatif Ibnu Firnas kemudian dipelajari Roger
Bacon 500 tahun setelah Firnas meletakkan teori-teori dasar pesawat terbangnya.
Kemudian sekitar 200 tahun setelah Bacon (700 tahun pascaujicoba Ibnu Firnas),
barulah konsep dan teori pesawat terbang dikembangkan.
Ahmad ibn
Musa ibn Shakir
Designers Fountain In historical records of Islam, it was
revealed that the Muslims became the first people to use the media in the
design of a garden water. And utilizing aqueous media to embellish the room,
whether at home, mosques, palaces, and public parks. The designer of the
fountain are various forms of Banu Musa brothers lived in the 9th century. They
are scientists who are very active activities in Bayt al-Hikmah, Baghdad, Iraq.
It is a place famous for its library and translation of a variety of science.
Banu Musa brothers are the sons of Musa ibn Shakir, who worked as an astrologer
Caliph al-Ma'mun. At the time of Musa ibn Shakir died, he left his children who
are still young in the environment of the caliphate. Banu Musa consists of
three brothers. The first is Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir (803-873).
He has particular expertise in the field of astronomy, engineering, geometry,
and physics. Then, there is also Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir (803-873) who has
special expertise in the field of engineering and mechanics. In addition, there
is also Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir (810-873). He also has expertise that is
highly mastered, namely the fields of engineering and geometry. Kitab al-Hiyal
or Book Tool Mechanic is a valuable thing left Banu Musa brothers. Through this
book, they provide a useful legacy for the development of engineering and
architecture in the Islamic world. In his book, Banu Musa brothers created a
design of a fountain in the manufacture of a variety of techniques and tricks.
They apply a variety of principles of geometry and physics to create a
fountain. The book also contains seven model or design of the fountain.
Law of Universal Gravitation World know Sir Isaac Newton
(Principia, 1687) as the first inventor of the "law of universal
gravitation" but actually long before Newton, scientists of Islam which is
also one of the Banu Musa brothers named Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn
Shakir, who lived between 803-873 years in Baghdad, Iraq. has created the
hypothesis that there is a gigantic Visit the movement of objects in space. Abu
Ja'far Muhammad, who has particular expertise in the field of astronomy,
engineering, geometry, and physics. in Kitab al-Hiyal, giving an explanation of
the movement of the ball. In the book, he also wrote his discoveries about the
celestial objects that become subject to the laws of physics of the earth.
Other works of Abu Ja'far Muhammad is the discussion about the movement of
stars and the law of attraction. He revealed the presence of the force of
attraction between the heavenly bodies. It is proved that Newton's law of
gravity applies universally.
